Conflict, strategy, and defense technology.
Climate Science

In 1980, Mount St. Helens in Washington devastated 230 square miles of forest and buried the North Fork Toutle valley in debris, and ecologists tracking the blast zone since have watched pocket gophers, lupines and returning elk shape recovery across areas left to natural succession

The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens flattened 230 square miles of forest and buried the North Fork Toutle valley under volcanic debris. Forty-six years later, ecologists tracking the untouched blast zone have watched pocket gophers, prairie lupines and returning elk rebuild a living ecosystem — without a single human replanting.

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Flora And Fauna

Manatees in Florida's Crystal River gather by the hundreds each winter around freshwater springs that stay at a constant 72 degrees Fahrenheit, a thermal refuge that protects them from potentially fatal cold stress when Gulf water falls below 68 degrees

Every winter, hundreds of Florida manatees crowd into Crystal River's freshwater springs, where water flowing from the Floridan aquifer holds a constant 72 degrees. The margin between survival and cold stress is only four or five degrees, and the springs are what keeps them alive.

Earth

Alligators in Florida's Everglades dig depressions through muck and peat, often down to the limestone bed, during the dry season, and the water-filled holes they maintain concentrate fish, turtles and wading birds so densely that ecologists count them as critical dry-season refuges across the southern marsh

During the Everglades' dry season, American alligators excavate and maintain water-filled depressions in the limestone that concentrate fish, turtles and wading birds — a piece of animal-built infrastructure that ecologists increasingly treat as central to how the southern marsh works.

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Conflict, strategy, and defense technology.

SpaceWar is an independent publication covering military space, nuclear strategy, great-power competition, defense technology, and the security forces shaping modern conflict. The site pairs a deep archive with current reporting on the governments, companies, policy shifts, and technical breakthroughs shaping defense, deterrence, and global security. We employ modern AI technologies to support our editorial workflows; every published piece is editorially directed and reviewed.

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