Researchers have sequenced the genome of the deepest-living animal, the devil worm, gaining new insights into the genetic adaptations required for life under harsh, subsurface conditions.

Scientists first discovered the devil worm, which they named Halicephalobus mephisto, in 2008, living in an aquifer nearly a mile underground in South Africa. The research team didn't originally set out to find an animal. Instead, scientists were sampling the subterrestrial bacterial communities that colonize active gold mines.

Prior to the devil worm's discovery, scientists assumed only bacteria could survive such extreme subterranean environs: high temperatures, low oxygen levels and an abundance of methane.

Now, just more than a decade after its discovery, the devil worm has become the first extremophile animal to have its genome sequenced.

"The genome of an extremophile animal is really interesting precisely because there are not many extremophile animals known," John Bracht, assistant professor of biology at American University, told UPI in an email. "Of those that are known, there are less that are amenable to culture in the laboratory so we can obtain sufficient biological material to do genomic studies."

According to Bracht, who led the genome sequencing project, most known extremophile animals are found in the deep sea. Retrieving genetic samples from animals living at the bottom of ocean trenches is too hard.

The sequencing work carried out by Bracht and his colleagues revealed several interesting genetic adaptations.

First, scientists found the worm's Hsp70 gene, which produces Hsp70 proteins, is working overtime. Different forms of the Hsp70 gene are found in all life forms, and the proteins it produces promote healing in cells damaged by heat stress. The devil worm's genome codes for an especially large amount of heat-shock protein production.

Researchers also found extra copies of AIG1 genes, which studies suggest play an important role in boosting cellular survival in plants and animals.

The genetic adaptations found in the worm's genome are different than the kinds of changes observed in the genomes of simpler organisms, like extremophile bacteria.

"Interestingly, the AIG1 genes we discovered are not even present in bacteria, as far as we can tell, and the precise family of Hsp70 expanded was also only found in more complex organisms," Bracht said. "So it's really critical to examine animals to understand how more complex life adapts to stressful conditions."

When researchers went looking for comparable genomes, they found clams, oysters and mussels boast similar combinations of expanded Hsp70 and AIG1 gene families. Like the devil worm, the bivalves have evolved to protect themselves against heat stress.

"The fact that the same two gene families are expanded, independently, in H. mephisto and bivalves -- clams, mussels, and oysters -- suggests a general method for adaptation to heat," Bracht said. "We expect to see this signature of expanded Hsp70 and AIG1 more and more as the planet warms."

In addition to studying the effects of a warming planet on animal genomes, the latest findings -- published this week in the journal Nature Communications -- could aid the search for life on other planets.

"Because much of the search for extraterrestrial life focuses on the presence or absence of an atmosphere or suitable temperatures, H. mephisto teaches us that maybe underground life could survive in places we didn't expect before," Bracht said.

Related Links
Lands Beyond Beyond - extra solar planets - news and science
Life Beyond Earth

Tweet

Thanks for being here; We need your help. The Space Media Network continues to grow but revenues have never been harder to maintain. With the rise of Ad Blockers, and Facebook - our traditional revenue sources via quality network advertising continues to decline. And unlike so many other news sites, we don't have a paywall - with those annoying usernames and passwords. Our news coverage takes time and effort to publish 365 days a year. If you find our news sites informative and useful then please consider becoming a regular supporter or for now make a one off contribution.
SpaceMediaNetwork Contributor $5 Billed Once credit card or paypal		SpaceMediaNetwork Monthly Supporter $5 Billed Monthly paypal only

First detection of sugars in meteorites gives clues to origin of life
Greenbelt MD (SPX) Nov 20, 2019
An international team has found sugars essential to life in meteorites. The new discovery adds to the growing list of biologically important compounds that have been found in meteorites, supporting the hypothesis that chemical reactions in asteroids - the parent bodies of many meteorites - can make some of life's ingredients. If correct, meteorite bombardment on ancient Earth may have assisted the origin of life with a supply of life's building blocks. The team discovered ribose and other bio-esse ... read more