The top diplomats of the United States, Australia, Japan and India opened talks in Melbourne Friday on deepening their Quad alliance, hoping to blunt China's expanding power across the Asia-Pacific region.

Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison kicked off the day by highlighting the group's importance in building cooperation among democracies, while making a thinly-veiled allusion to his country's troubled relationship with Beijing.

"We live in a very fragile, fragmented and contested world," he told the visiting officials.

"We stand up to those who would seek to coerce us," he said.

Without mentioning China by name, Morrison said it was a "great comfort" that the three fellow Quad members understand "the coercion and the pressure that Australia has been placed under."

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that even though Russia's threat to Ukraine occupies Washington right now, the longer-term issue is China's rising power.

"To my mind, there's little doubt that China's ambition over time is to be the leading military, economic, diplomatic and political power not just in the region but in the world," he told The Australian newspaper on the eve of the talks.

- Tech, health, climate -

The Quad was first launched in 2007, but only took root a decade later after China aggressively projected its military power into the South China Sea, and following violent border clashes with India.

While the four held joint naval exercises in 2020 in the Bay of Bengal, the meetings in Melbourne are aimed at deepening cooperation across other fields like fighting Covid-19 and coordinating on critical information technology issues, including the global rollout of 5G telecommunications networks.

Blinken said they were seeking to develop and "affirmative vision" on a range of challenges, such as agreeing on technology standards, and cooperating on health issues and climate change.

The Covid-19 pandemic has been central to giving the grouping greater meaning beyond its image of trying to "contain" China.

The four countries used the Quad framework to commit to distributing 1.3 billion vaccine doses, with more than 500 million already delivered, according to Payne.

As for Washington, the meeting is a chance to reaffirm its decision to make Asia and the Pacific the centrepiece of foreign and defense policy, even as the White House and Pentagon are currently consumed by the potential for a Russian invasion of Ukraine.

While Ukraine is "front and center" in Washington right now, Blinken said ahead of his arrival in Australia: "The world is a big place."

"Our interests are global and you all know very well the focus that we put on the Asia-Pacific and the Indo-Pacific regions," he said.

Checking China: What is the Quad alliance?
Melbourne (AFP) Feb 11, 2022 - Foreign ministers of the "Quad" -- the United States, India, Australia and Japan -- meet in Melbourne on Friday, cementing an alliance designed to counter China's forceful push across the Asia-Pacific region.

The grouping has emerged and receded from prominence over the years but gained new traction following deadly border clashes between India and China in 2020, and a recent surge in Australian diplomatic and commercial confrontations with Beijing.

Members stress it is not an "Asian NATO" and portray it as a group that can offer others in the region an alternative to China in areas including Covid-19 resources, disaster relief and cyber security.

- Roots in 2004 tsunami relief -

The four first came together for relief operations after the Indonesia earthquake of January 26, 2004 sent devastating tsunami waves along India's eastern coastline, killing about 230,000 people.

Three years later, the four countries formed the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue. Japan's then prime minister Shinzo Abe was said to be a driving force in the effort.

The Quad's first main act was to conduct joint naval exercises under the existing US-India bilateral Malabar exercise format.

But a year later, then Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd backed away from the nascent alliance, not wanting to be part of a group seen as openly challenging China, which had become a powerful economic partner of Australia.

- Australia returns to fold -

A decade later, China's increasingly aggressive push to build regional networks and project its military power, especially in the South China Sea, and violent border clashes with India, prodded the four back together, with Canberra now a more committed partner.

They all participated in the 2020 Malabar exercises, making the group appear increasingly like a military alliance.

Beijing lashed out in response, branding it a Cold War-type organisation dedicated to containing China.

- Biden's stamp -

While the Trump administration put some effort into sustaining the Quad, President Joe Biden went further, convening, virtually, the first summit of Quad leaders in March 2021 just weeks after becoming president.

In September 2021, the four met in person in Washington, elevating the grouping further -- still without creating a formal institution.

It was an example of Washington's new approach of building coalitions of countries and institutions around specific mutual needs, regionally and globally, rather than traditional security alliances.

That means, Washington says, the Quad can work with other groupings, such as ASEAN, when interests overlap.

- Wooing India -

For the United States, Australia and Japan, the Quad is very much a long-term courtship of India. New Delhi is traditionally insistent on its non-aligned status when it comes to contests between superpowers.

But the deadly fighting that broke out in 2019 between Chinese and Indian troops in a disputed Himalayan border region may have moved India off that stance.

In the past two years, all three of their fellow Quad members have intensified their diplomatic and military outreach to New Delhi.

India is "the critical, crucial member in the Quad", Kurt Campbell, the White House's national security coordinator for the Asia-Pacific region, said in November.

In its strategic planning for the region, the US has stopped saying "Asia-Pacific" and now studiously refers to it as the "Indo-Pacific".

- Vaccines and climate change -

But officials from all four countries say the Quad has to offer more than defence. None are pushing for a formal alliance -- India, analysts say, remains deeply wary of that -- and there are doubts it could effectively challenge Beijing's military might anyway.

Instead, the four democratic countries are looking to other "soft power" activities that offer the rest of the region a contrast to authoritarian China.

The Covid-19 pandemic has been central to giving the grouping greater meaning. The four countries used the Quad framework to commit to distributing 1.3 billion vaccine doses, with more than 485 million already delivered.

Other issues they are working on within the Quad format: "clean" shipping, fighting global warming and building more secure IT and internet infrastructure.

- What next? -

The meeting in Melbourne this week is in part to set the agenda for the next summit of Quad leaders, which is set for Japan, possibly in May.

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