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Recycling the world's wastewater, almost all of which goes untreated, would ease global water shortages while protecting the environment, the United Nations said in a major report Wednesday.
"Neglecting the opportunities arising from improved wastewater management is nothing less than unthinkable," said Irina Bokova, director-general of UNESCO, one of several UN bodies behind the report issued on World Water Day.
For decades, people have been using fresh water faster than Nature can replace it, contributing in some regions to hunger, disease, conflict and migration.
Two-thirds of humanity currently live in zones that experience water scarcity at least one month a year.
Half of those people are in China and India.
Last year, the World Economic Forum's annual survey of opinion leaders identified water crises as the top global risk over the next decade.
On current trends, the UN Environment Programme forecasts that water demand -- for industry, energy and an extra billion people -- will increase 50 percent by 2030.
Global warming has already deepened droughts in many areas, and the planet will continue to heat up over the course of the century, even under optimistic scenarios.
"There is an absolute necessity to increase water security in order to overcome the challenges brought on by climate change and human influence," said Benedito Braga, head of the World Water Council, an umbrella grouping of governments, associations and research bodies.
Wastewater -- runoff from agriculture, industry and expanding cities, especially in developing nations -- is a major part of the problem.
- Problem to solution -
That is especially true in poor countries where very little, if any, wastewater is treated or recycled.
High-income nations treat about 70 percent of the wastewater they generate, a figure that drops to 38 percent for upper middle-income countries.
In low-income nations, only eight percent of industrial and municipal wastewater undergoes treatment of any kind.
More than 800,000 people die every year because of contaminated drinking water, and not being able to properly wash their hands.
Water-related diseases claim nearly 3.5 million lives annually in Africa, Asia and Latin America -- more than the global death toll from AIDS and car crashes combined.
Chemicals and nutrients from factories and farms create deadzones in rivers, lakes and coastal waters, and seep into aquifers.
The 200-page World Water Development Report details a four-pronged strategy for transforming wastewater from a problem to a solution, said lead author Richard Connor of UNESCO's World Water Assessment Programme.
Besides reducing pollution at the source, policy initiatives must shift focus to removing contaminants from wastewater flows, reusing water, and recovering useful by-products, the report concludes.
"Up to now, decision makers have mainly focused on supplying clean water rather than managing it after it has been used," Connor told journalists.
"The two aspects are inextricably linked."
Water can be used over and over, he added, pointing to the fact that water from several major rivers in the United States is recycled up to 20 times before reaching the ocean.
- Generating energy -
The potential for reusing liquid waste is perhaps best illustrated by astronauts on the International Space Station who drink recycled urine and use it to wash up.
On a larger scale, there are many nations where necessity has spawned innovative technologies.
In Singapore and the southern California coastal city of San Diego, residents already drink recycled water.
In Jordan and Israel, 90 percent and 50 percent of agricultural water, respectively, has been recovered for reuse, according to the report.
Besides being recycled, wastewater "can also be a rich source of nutrients, minerals and energy -- all of which can be cost-effectively extracted," said Guy Ryder, chair of UN-Water, and head of the International Labour Organization.
These are the same elements, he added, that cause terrible damage when untreated wastewater is released into the environment.
Harvesting phosphorus, for example, from urine -- supplied by urine-diverting toilets -- reduces wastewater's nutrient load.
Already in use in Australia, China and Japan, these systems can be easily scaled up.
More than a fifth of global phosphorus demand worldwide could be met by recycled human urine and feces, according to a recent study.
Waste can also be converted into fuel.
A 2015 law in Japan requires sewage operators to use biosolids as a carbon-neutral form of energy.
The city of Osaka produces 6,500 tonnes of fuel per year from 43,000 tonnes of wet sewage sludge for electricity generation.
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