- What is an oil crisis? -

An oil shock is generally understood to mean a supply shortage that sparks a sharp rise in oil prices and consequently a negative impact on global economic growth, although there is no single definition.

The world is currently experiencing an energy price shock, but "it may be a bit too early to call it a true oil shock" such as those of 1973 or 1979, Helene Baudchon, deputy chief economist at BNP Paribas, told AFP in an interview.

"Supply constraints today are less severe" than some fifty years ago and remain concentrated around the Strait of Hormuz, through which one-fifth of global consumption of oil and liquefied natural gas typically passes.

Member states of the International Energy Agency have also decided to release 400 million barrels from their strategic reserves and the IEA says it is prepared to release more "if necessary."

Philippe Dauba-Pantanacce, global head of geopolitical analysis and senior economist with Standard Chartered Bank, notes that "hydrocarbon supply is much more geographically diverse than it was in the 1970s typically, electricity sources have also expanded with the renewables."

He added that "all of this is not to say that there won't be consequences to the current oil supply shock, but there are many variables to take into consideration. We have revised our average for Brent to $85.50 for 2026, up from $70 before."

Additionally, global growth these days is less oil-intensive, requiring "four times less oil to generate one percentage point of GDP than in the 1970s," according to private bank Edmond de Rothschild.

- Three oil shocks -

- 1973: On October 16, ten days into an Egyptian and Syrian offensive against Israel, six Gulf region OPEC members hike oil prices by 70 percent, the first time the producers' cartel has pushed through a price rise without the agreement of oil companies.

OPEC imposes an embargo on Western countries deemed pro-Israel, triggering a price surge and a global oil crisis. In December, the price per barrel reaches $11.65, four times higher than in September. The price then quintuples a year later. The consequences for Western countries: higher prices at the pump, an inflationary spiral, recession -- and rising unemployment.

- 1979: The Islamic revolution in Iran and a halt in Iranian exports sees oil spike once more, hitting $40. In September 1980, the Iran-Iraq war brings further rises.

- 2008: From mid-2004, barrel prices rise strongly but progressively, against a backdrop of conflict in the Middle East and attacks in Iraq as well as social unrest in several producer states.

In August 2005 a barrel hits $70 after Hurricane Katrina hits oil industry infrastructure.

In January 2008, prices surpass the symbolic threshold of $100, then soar again to $147 in July for what was dubbed the third oil shock, triggered by a combination of factors: strikes in Venezuela, unrest in Nigeria, and the war in Iraq.

That period also brought rising demand from emerging economies. Speculators were also singled out as a contributing factor.

- Fears of a new shock -

During major geopolitical crises, the spectre of a new oil shock resurfaced, with the price per barrel incorporating a "geopolitical risk premium," to reflect the probability that a conflict will cause a drop in supply. The possibility of such a shock resurfaced after the start of the war in Ukraine in February 2022, when the price per barrel surpassed $100, and after the war in Gaza, following the Hamas attack on Israel on October 7, 2023.

The current war in the Middle East is causing "the most significant disruption" to oil supplies in history, according to the International Energy Agency. The two global benchmarks for crude, Brent and WTI, are hovering around $100 per barrel, a surge of 40 to 50 percent since the start of the war against Iran which the United States and Israel launched on February 28.

Edmond de Rothschild notes that "there are very few alternatives to the Strait of Hormuz" for regional supplies. Storage capacity in producing countries are also reaching saturation, forcing production cuts.

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BNP Paribas