Tehran's aerial salvoes and blockade of the Strait of Hormuz have posed an existential threat to the Gulf countries and their economic model.

The memorandum of understanding due to be signed this week will not permanently end the war. It buys negotiators another 60 days, extending a state of uncertainty that is bad for business.

The agreement shies away from key Gulf security concerns, forcing countries in the region to seek their own channels with Iran to protect their interests as they face an emboldened neighbour while US President Donald Trump is eager to end the war quickly, experts have said.

Everything suggests that the memorandum "will almost certainly fail to address the Gulf states' core security concerns over Iran's offensive military capabilities, notably its missiles, drones and regional militia networks," said Hasan Alhasan of the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

Gulf leaders have long had close ties to Trump. They showered him with praise, pledged to invest billions in the American economy, and courted his entourage.

But as the US security umbrella faltered, they have been "left to fend for themselves", according to Andreas Krieg, a security expert at King's College London.

- Key demands -

When Trump withdrew from the 2015 nuclear deal, Gulf states supported that move. They had long complained the deal failed to involve them and address Iran's missile programme and proxies.

Now, they are faced with a temporary solution that again brushes those concerns aside.

Karim Bitar, a lecturer at Sciences Po in Paris, said it appeared the deal had been "negotiated hastily and that Iran made significantly fewer concessions than in 2015", adding that Gulf states "have reason to be sceptical".

Iran has agreed to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, a key Gulf demand after the blockade choked off their oil and gas exports.

But the waterway was only blockaded because of the war.

Further, tying the ceasefire to Lebanon and other conflicts grants Iran's proxies "immunity against further Israeli attack or even attempts by national governments to disarm or integrate these armed factions," Alhasan said.

Since a shaky April 8 ceasefire, Gulf states have reported sporadic attacks.

- Influence -

The United Arab Emirates has not reported fresh attacks in about a month, and has since mellowed its previously hawkish tone on Iran.

"During that high intensity period of aggression from Iran, the UAE matched that with rhetoric to try to establish some kind of deterrence... but the UAE is a pragmatic actor," said Gulf International Forum director Dania Thafer.

As an agreement seemed close, the UAE also went for de-escalation, she added.

Media reports alleged that the UAE moved billions of frozen funds to Iran in exchange for a halt in attacks on its territory, which Abu Dhabi has denied.

Qatar, host of the largest US base in the region, refused to enter negotiations under Iranian fire, but it hosted in May an Iranian delegation to discuss the release of frozen funds after the truce.

A diplomat told AFP Qatari negotiators engaged in "17 hours of intensive negotiations" in Tehran ahead of the announcement of the deal on Monday.

Qatar "played a role trying to secure Gulf interests" during the talks, according to Thafer.

Saudi Arabia, which seeks stability as it pushes to diversify its oil-reliant economy, has also deepened a regional alignment with Pakistan, Egypt, Qatar and Turkey to bolster diplomatic efforts.

- In the crossfire -

Gulf states have found themselves stuck between a wounded but emboldened Iran and an unreliable alliance with the US.

Chatham House Middle East expert Neil Quilliam said the war showed the limits of American power.

Meanwhile, Iran "has survived and overcome the US and Israeli decapitation campaign and also demonstrated that it can strike back and use Hormuz for leverage," he said.

In an interview with the New York Times on Sunday, Trump suggested Gulf states pay for American protection against Iran.

"The Gulf states are being subjected to what amounts to blackmail by both Iran and the United States," Alhasan said.

"Iran will likely continue to hold the Gulf states and Strait of Hormuz hostage... to its nuclear negotiations with the United States," he said.

"Trump is exploiting the threat posed by Iran to pressure the Gulf states into giving in to his demands."

Thafer said Trump was trying to show Washington could still deter Tehran.

"Iran is weaker, but in some ways emboldened, because it had the opportunity to test the limits of US power... in the worst-case scenario, and they survived it," she added.

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THE NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY