Finance Minister Jeremy Hunt's remarks came as his government updated its energy security plan to ramp up renewable and nuclear power, but ran into criticism from political opponents and environmentalists.
The Conservative government led by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak is targeting "net zero" carbon emissions for the UK by 2050.
World powers are seeking to tackle climate change but also increase energy independence and lower electricity and gas bills, which rocketed after key producer Russia invaded Ukraine and fuelled spiking inflation.
Thursday's announcement is in part a response to US President Joe Biden's Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) energy subsidies.
- No 'toe-to-toe' -
"Our approach will be different -- and better," Chancellor of the Exchequer Hunt wrote in The Times newspaper.
"We are not going toe-to-toe with our friends and allies in some distortive global subsidy race.
"With the threat of protectionism creeping its way back into the world economy, the long-term solution is not subsidy but security."
Biden's $370-billion program of subsidies for green energy, as well as tax cuts for US-made electric cars and batteries, seeks to accelerate the country's transition to low-carbon.
Yet it has strained relations with Europe, prompting the 27-nation European Union to unveil its own measures.
Britain will "continue to back industries of the future" and "target public funding in a strategic way in the areas where the UK has a clear competitive advantage", Hunt added Thursday as the government further detailed previously-announced green plans.
The finance chief will flesh out more of his proposals in a budget statement in the autumn.
- Cleaner, cheaper energy -
"Transforming our energy system is no longer just about tackling climate change, it is also a matter of national security," Hunt added.
"To protect ourselves from future price spikes, we need to accelerate the move to cleaner, cheaper, home-grown energy."
The UK government's multi-billion-pound "net zero" plan seeks to boost investment in cleaner energy such as wind, solar and nuclear.
It includes a 20-billion pound ($25-billion) investment in emerging technology to capture carbon and store it underground, as well as more funds for emerging floating offshore wind power and green hydrogen.
The plan also accelerates nuclear power, which could supply one quarter of UK electricity by 2050 compared with 15 percent currently.
The opposition Labour party claimed the government's update Thursday lacked new cash, while green pressure group Friends of the Earth denounced it as a "lacklustre" set of climate policies.
- Groundhog day? -
"What was billed with huge hype as the government's green day turns out to be a weak and feeble groundhog day of re-announcement, reheated policy, and no new investment," said senior Labour lawmaker Ed Miliband.
He also urged Hunt to boost energy efficiency support measures and allow more onshore wind turbines.
Friends of the Earth said the plan lacked policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions sufficiently to meet UK targets.
Thursday's news came one day after the independent Climate Change Committee (CCC), a UK body which advises the state, warned that Britain must do a lot more towards mitigating the worst effects of climate change.
Record-breaking heat and wildfires last year, and recurrent flooding, are a portent of worse to come even if the UK meets its 2050 net-zero goal, the CCC said.
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