A new NASA study shows that updrafts are more important than previously understood in determining what makes clouds produce drizzle instead of full-sized raindrops, overturning a common assumption.

The study offers a pathway for improving accuracy in weather and climate models' treatments of rainfall - recognized as one of the greater challenges in improving short term weather forecasts and long-term climate projections.

The research by scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California; UCLA; and the University of Tokyo found that low-lying clouds over the ocean produce more drizzle droplets than the same type of cloud over land. The results are published online in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.

Water droplets in clouds initially form on microscopic airborne particles, or aerosols. Scientists have been studying the role of aerosols in clouds and rain for decades. There are more aerosols over land than over the ocean, and scientists had thought the additional aerosols would tend to form more drizzle over land as well. The new study shows that the presence of aerosols alone can't explain where drizzle occurs.

To understand what else plays a role, research team leader Hanii Takahashi of the JPL and UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering looked at updrafts - plumes of warm air rising from the solar-heated Earth. Within tall thunderclouds, strong updrafts play a role in rain formation. In low-lying clouds, however, updrafts are known to be much weaker, and they haven't received much scientific attention in connection with rain.

"There was a previous hypothesis that updrafts could be important," Takahashi said. "But the hypothesis had never been tested, and I wasn't sure if updrafts were strong enough to affect the size of rain droplets."

Within tall thunderclouds, strong updrafts play a role in rain formation. In low-lying clouds, however, updrafts are known to be much weaker, and they haven't received much scientific attention in connection with rain.

Existing measurement systems struggle to monitor updraft velocities directly. To infer these velocities, Takahashi's team combined measurements from NASA's CloudSat and Aqua satellites and other sources with ground-level radar data from a U.S. Department of Energy observing site in the Azores.

They found that the updrafts in low-lying clouds over land, while weaker than updrafts in tall thunderclouds, were still strong enough to keep drizzle droplets aloft. As the droplets floated within clouds, they continued to grow until the updrafts couldn't hold them up any longer. Then they fell as full-sized raindrops.

In similar clouds that formed over the ocean, updrafts were even weaker than over land. As a result, droplets fell out of the clouds as drizzle, before they had the opportunity to grow into full-sized raindrops. This helps explain the preponderance of drizzle over the ocean.

This finding gives new insight into the basic atmospheric process of rain formation, something that's helpful in both weather forecasting and climate modeling. Takahashi hopes it will help her fellow climate modelers look beyond aerosols in their assumptions about low-lying clouds. These clouds have a strong effect on projections of Earth's future surface temperatures. In most models, the assumptions currently used to obtain realistic surface temperatures result in an unrealistically drizzly world.

"If we make updraft velocities more realistic in the models, we might get both more realistic drizzle and more realistic surface temperature projections as a result," she said.

The size of water

Airborne water vapor molecules condense on aerosol particles called cloud condensation nuclei and grow into droplets of different sizes. Here are some relevant diameters:

+ A typical cloud condensation nucleus is 0.0002 millimeters, or mm (about 1,000 times bigger than a water molecule).

+ A typical cloud droplet is around 0.02 mm (100 times bigger than the cloud condensation nucleus). Cloud droplets don't have enough mass to fall.

+ A typical drizzle droplet is 0.5 mm (25 times bigger than a cloud droplet). Drizzle is just heavy enough to fall.

+ A typical raindrop is about 2 mm (100 times bigger than a cloud droplet and 4 times bigger than drizzle).

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Manmade aerosols identified as driver in shifting global rainfall patterns
Miami FL (SPX) Jul 21, 2017
In a new study, scientists found that aerosol particles released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels are a primary driver of changes in rainfall patterns across the globe. The results of the climate system-model simulations conducted by researchers Brian Soden and Eui-Seok Chung from the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science revealed ... read more

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