Saulo, a WMO vice-president who has headed Argentina's weather service since 2014, won a landslide vote at the UN climate and weather agency's congress in Geneva.
The WMO's role in climate change has become increasingly prominent and Saulo, 59, will likely become a well-known advocate on this pressing world issue.
"In these times when inequality and climate change are the greatest global threats, the WMO must contribute to strengthening the meteorological and hydrological services to protect populations and their economies, providing timely and effective services and early warning systems," Saulo said following her election.
"My ambition is to lead the WMO towards a scenario in which the voice of all members is heard equally, prioritising those most vulnerable and in which the actions it undertakes are aligned with the needs and particularities of each one of them."
She will take over from the outgoing secretary-general Petteri Taalas on January 1. The Finnish meteorologist is coming to the end of his maximum second four-year term.
The WMO brings together international efforts in monitoring greenhouse gases, sea levels, temperatures, glacier melting and other climate change indicators.
It relies on satellites and thousands of weather stations to measure key parameters of the atmosphere, land and ocean.
- Early warning priority -
The leadership election was held on the penultimate day of the World Meteorological Congress, the general assembly of the WMO's 193 member states and territories, which takes place every four years.
The congress, which opened on May 22, voted to ensure that everyone on the planet is covered by early warning systems for hazardous weather events by the end of 2027.
It put the cryosphere -- the frozen world -- high on the agenda, given the increasing impacts of melting sea ice, glaciers and permafrost on sea level rise.
It also approved a new initiative aimed at boosting global greenhouse gas monitoring through an integrated system of space- and surface-based observations.
"The main goal is to work for the member countries and territories and bring their voice, the voice of the less developed world, the small island states, the developing world, working all together to achieve our priorities," Saulo told AFP.
"Early warning for all is a key initiative, we will work on that, we will achieve that.
"I am definitely optimistic. This result shows that people are optimistic and we can change for the better."
- Argentinian 'pride' -
Saulo, the director of the Argentinian National Meteorological Service, saw off three other senior figures from within the WMO in the election.
They were the current number two, Russian-Swiss deputy secretary-general Elena Manaenkova; the number three, Chinese assistant secretary-general Zhang Wenjian; and second vice-president Albert Martis of Curacao.
Saulo won the required two-thirds majority on the first ballot with 108 votes. Her closest competitor, Zhang, received 37, a diplomatic source said.
"Argentine science continues to be recognised in the world," Argentine President Alberto Fernandez said on Twitter, adding: "What pride!"
A statement from Argentina's foreign ministry quoted Foreign Minister Santiago Cafiero as saying that "for Argentina, the candidacy is strategic, important and relevant in the history of our country", adding that Saulo "inspires us all with confidence".
Cafiero said she had "the appropriate professionalism -- and a vision".
Amy Pope, the incoming head of the UN migration agency, told AFP that Saulo's appointment was "good news", citing women leaders at the UN in Geneva "who are who are very focused, not on ego but on getting the work done".
The director general-elect of the International Organization for Migration wants to make 21st-century drivers of population movement, such as climate change, the focus of her leadership.
"WMO will have important data that is relevant to the work that we do... we can work together so that we get better outcomes for more people," Pope said.
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