Surfaces that repel water can support efficient boiling if all air and vapor is removed from a system first, according to research featured on the cover of the most recent issue of Physical Review Letters.

Water is typically boiled off hydrophilic surfaces to cool nuclear reactors and high-power electronics, preventing them from overheating. Purdue University research has shown that the most water-repellent surfaces possible, superhydrophobic materials, not only can boil water efficiently under the right conditions, but also stay cooler than hydrophilic surfaces.

"One of the ways to take heat out of a surface is to boil from it," said Justin Weibel, associate research professor of mechanical engineering. "But no one typically considers using superhydrophobic surfaces to improve boiling."

Consumer electronics - including laptops and even some smartphones - have water within metal "heat pipes" that dissipate the heat generated when these devices are in use, cooling them off. High-power electronics used in electric vehicles, supercomputers and aircraft particularly call for more efficient means to prevent overheating.

"Superhydrophobic surfaces were previously thought to be bad for boiling because they can't stay wet," said Taylor Allred, a Purdue doctoral student in mechanical engineering and first author on the paper. "You get a blanket of vapor on the surface, and because vapor is a very good insulator of heat, you are insulating the surface instead of cooling it."

Past research has led scientists to believe that without this layer of insulating vapor, superhydrophobic surfaces could potentially boil at lower temperatures than hydrophilic ones. Several studies have attempted making patterned surfaces to get the benefits of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials, but researchers hadn't yet achieved an entirely vapor-free surface with patterning due to the hydrophobic regions.

"We realized that if we could perform one key step prior to boiling from the superhydrophobic surface, we could get the best of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface behaviors all in one," said Suresh Garimella, Purdue's Goodson Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering and director of the Cooling Technologies Research Center.

Allred first submerged the surface and then heated the surrounding water, being careful to not boil directly from the surface itself. Doing so removed the layer of air that is normally trapped within the texture of the superhydrophobic surface, allowing water to instead penetrate the texture and fully wet it as it would for a hydrophilic surface.

Pre-wetting the texture of a superhydrophobic surface results in the "pinning" of small bubbles during boiling, meaning that they don't spread out over the surface as they expand. They instead depart without coalescing into a vapor blanket and help keep the surface wet with liquid water. Hydrophobic materials are also able to form many more small bubbles than hydrophilic surfaces, allowing the surface to be cooled more efficiently.

"There are numerous papers on making superhydrophobic surfaces and using them for a variety of applications. With this research, we've opened up a whole new area where they can be deployed," Garimella said.

Research Report: Enabling highly effective boiling from superhydrophobic surfaces

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