Since April 2023, the war between the army and the Rapid Support Forces has drawn widespread accusations of war crimes, with the US determining in January the RSF had committed genocide.

- Sanctions -

The State Department in May notified Congress of its determination that "the Government of Sudan used chemical weapons in 2024", in violation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which Khartoum ratified in 1999.

Washington did not provide details on where or when the chemical attacks occurred.

Sudan's army-aligned government immediately denied the US allegations, calling them "baseless" and "political blackmail".

Washington's sanctions, initially intended to go into effect on June 6, restrict US exports and financing.

Urgent humanitarian aid will be exempted from the sanctions on Sudan, where nearly 25 million people are suffering dire food insecurity in the world's largest hunger crisis.

- History of accusations -

In January, the New York Times reported the Sudanese army had used chemical weapons at least twice in the war, citing four anonymous senior US officials.

They said the chemical agent used, with the direct approval of army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, was chlorine.

The army, which has been in control of Sudan for most of its post-independence history since 1956, has been accused of carrying out chemical attacks before.

In 2016, an Amnesty International investigation accused the army -- then allied with the RSF -- of using chemical weapons on civilians in the western region of Darfur.

Khartoum denied the accusations.

In 1998, the US claimed the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum was producing chemical components for Al-Qaeda, before destroying the factory in a missile attack.

- Past sanctions -

Relations between the US and Sudan were strained for decades under the rule of Omar al-Bashir, who came to power in 1993 and whose Islamist-military rule was long accused of supporting terrorism.

US sanctions imposed in the early 1990s were tightened in 2006 following accusations of genocide in the Darfur region, carried out on behalf of Khartoum by the RSF's predecessor militia, the Janjaweed.

After a popular uprising ousted Bashir in 2019, the US removed Sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and began to lift sanctions.

Some were reintroduced following a 2021 coup, led by Burhan alongside his then-deputy, RSF commander Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, before the allies' power struggle erupted into all-out war in April 2023.

By January 2025, the US had imposed sanctions on both Burhan and Daglo, who is commonly known as Hemeti.

Efforts at mediation, including by the Biden administration, have repeatedly failed to produce a ceasefire.

- Expected impact -

Sudanese civilians have long borne the brunt of sanctions on their country.

Both Burhan and Hemeti's camps built considerable wealth while under a decades-long sanctions regime, finessing transnational financial networks while the country was left underdeveloped.

Today, Africa's third largest country is suffering what the UN calls the world's worst humanitarian crisis, with over 10 million people internally displaced and famine already declared in parts of the country.

The US was Sudan's largest donor in 2024, contributing 44.4 percent of the UN's $2 billion-humanitarian response plan.

Following US President Donald Trump's suspension of most foreign aid, the US has dropped its contribution by nearly 80 percent.

US exports were valued at $56.6 million in 2024, according to data from the US Census Bureau.

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THE NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY