Major cities in Eastern Canada have faced heavy air pollution for several days, meaning vulnerable people -- including children -- have been advised to stay indoors to avoid the high concentrations of fine particles in the air.
Marion Helies, who heads a summer day camp in Montreal, told AFP the children in her care "are bouncing off the walls because we have been inside for several days."
"Between the smoke and the rain, it's a bit difficult for them," she said, ahead of a 10-minute outing she organized despite the poor air quality.
- Air quality warnings -
For the second time in just days the city has been forced to close sports fields and outdoor pools due to the smoke, whose smell lingers in the streets despite the closest fires being more than 600 kilometers (370 miles) away.
Buildings are shrouded and the sun is hard to see.
According to authorities, the air quality index oscillates between "harmful" and "very harmful."
After several days of being stuck at home, Marin Vicck, 14, finally went out: "The air quality is terrible, to the point where it's difficult to walk around because of the smoke. You feel trapped," he said.
Kedjar Boudjema, whose son is four, said he is discouraged by this succession of warnings over a few days. Phone in hand, he now consults his app on air quality every day.
"I'm worried about his health," he said of his son. "But at the same time it's complicated not to go out with him at all."
- Asthma fears -
In the capital Ottawa, where visibility was also very poor, Janet Hamill opted to take her two grandchildren, ages 2 and 11, out for ice cream early, before the smoke became too much.
"I'm taking them out early in the day and will get them back home before it gets really bad. The smoke has been hard on them, and me, so we've been staying indoors mostly," she said, adding that they've all suffered bad headaches.
There could be many more days like these throughout the summer -- authorities have warned that Canada's peak wildfire season is only just beginning, after an early start.
In a country where 10 percent of people suffer from asthma, many are worried about the long-term consequences of this exposure to toxic smoke. Calls to Asthma Canada, a nonprofit that funds education and research on the respiratory disease, have almost doubled since the fires started in early May.
People "especially want to know what they can do to protect themselves," its president, Jeff Beach, told AFP.
Canada, which is warming faster than the rest of the planet due to its geographical location, has been confronted in recent years with extreme weather events whose intensity and frequency have been exacerbated by climate change.
Canada wildfire smoke chokes millions in North America
Montreal (AFP) June 30, 2023 -
A deep orange-brown sun shined through hazy skies as smoke from Canadian wildfires spread across North America and beyond, choking millions of people and triggering severe air quality alerts.
Here's why the fires are so smoky and why people should be concerned.
- Why is there so much smoke? -
The number of fires and the amount of land scorched, as well as the amount of smoke emitted from the blazes, are unprecedented this wildfire season, and it is just the beginning, according to officials.
The fact that fires flared at the same time across the country is also unusual.
As of Wednesday, more than eight million hectares (20 million acres) of forests and grasslands had burned across Canada, breaking an annual record of 7.3 million hectares set in 1989.
And Canada has yet to reach the peak of the fire season, which is usually in July or August.
"We have a fire in northern Quebec which currently covers 700,000 hectares, for example. It's hard to fathom just how big it is," said Yan Boulanger, a fire specialist for the Canadian Ministry of Natural Resources.
A hot, dry spring resulted in a large fuel load -- dried vegetation and dead branches -- in Canada's boreal forest.
Smoldering humus fires that can burn deep underground produce a lot of smoke, resulting in higher carbon monoxide emissions, says Jack Chen of Canada's environment ministry.
The climate consequences are devastating as the boreal forest releases 10 to 20 times more carbon per unit of area burned than other ecosystems.
Hundreds of forest fires since early May have generated nearly 600 million tons of carbon dioxide, equivalent to 88 percent of the country's total greenhouse gas emissions from all sources in 2021, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reported.
- What are the health concerns? -
Wildfire smoke is more toxic than other types of smoke and can be more dangerous to human health than other sources of air pollution, for example.
The particles are fine and can travel deep into the respiratory tract.
Composed of ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and PM2.5 fine particles, smoke from forest fires is a danger to all, according to experts and officials.
But it can be particularly dangerous for young children, pregnant women, smokers, seniors and those who suffer from chronic health problems, the Canadian government has warned.
"The particles are so small, particularly the ultra-fine ones, that they can get all the way down into your lungs and then cross over into your bloodstream and lead to inflammation," said Courtney Howard, an emergency room doctor in Yellowknife in Canada's Northwest Territories.
It also can have direct consequences on mental health, mood and anxiety, doctors say.
- What are the effects on wildlife? -
Wildfire smoke particles contain a higher proportion of carbon-based pollutants in various chemical forms that may be spread hundreds of kilometers (miles) from the fires themselves.
This smoke can lead to "acute or chronic health effects on wildlife," just like in humans, said Matthew Mitchell of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
"There's a whole suite of chemicals in the smoke that can affect gas exchange in the blood, lower the lung capacity of animals," he told AFP.
Weakened animals will tend to "rest more or try to reduce their activity. So they're not going out and feeding, looking for food or mates," he said.
"Even marine mammals such as whales and dolphins can be affected by the smoke when they come up to breathe," he said.
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