The National Intelligence Service released detailed satellite images it said showed the first deployment of elite North Korean special forces soldiers being moved by Russian military vessels to Vladivostok.
Seoul's spy agency said that between October 8 and 13, it had detected "North Korea transported its special forces to Russia via a Russian Navy transport ship, confirming the start of North Korea's military participation" in Moscow's war in Ukraine.
The first contingent of troops -- which South Korean media said were from an elite unit under North Korea's Special Operations Forces, also known as the "Storm Corps" -- are currently stationed in military bases across Russia's Far East.
The special forces soldiers "are expected to be deployed to the front lines (of the Ukraine conflict) as soon as they complete acclimatisation training," NIS said.
The soldiers have been issued Russian military uniforms and Russian-made weapons, the NIS said.
"This seems to be an effort to disguise the fact that they are North Korean troops by making them appear as Russian soldiers," NIS added.
More troops are likely to be sent soon, NIS said, adding that it estimated the North could send around 12,000 soldiers in total.
"A second transport operation is expected to take place soon," it said.
The NIS said Friday that the North had "provided Russia with more than 13,000 containers' worth of artillery shells, missiles, anti-tank rockets and other lethal weapons" since last August.
- NATO 'cannot confirm' -
South Korea's President Yoon Suk Yeol convened an emergency security meeting Friday, slamming Pyongyang's move as "a significant security threat not only to our country but also to the international community."
NATO chief Mark Rutte said Friday the alliance could not yet confirm the South Korean intelligence.
"At this moment, our official position is that we cannot confirm reports that North Koreans are actively now as soldiers engaged in the war effort," Rutte told reporters following a meeting of NATO defence ministers.
"But this, of course, might change."
China said it hoped all parties would work "to de-escalate the situation and commit to a political settlement," the foreign ministry said.
Pyongyang and Moscow have been allies since North Korea's founding after World War II and have drawn even closer since Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, with Seoul and Washington long claiming that Kim Jong Un has been sending weapons for use in Ukraine.
Russian President Vladimir Putin made a rare visit to Pyongyang in June, with the two countries signing a mutual defence treaty, fuelling speculations of further arms transfers -- which violate rafts of UN sanctions on both countries.
- 'War-time training' -
On Thursday, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky flagged intelligence reports saying North Korea was training 10,000 soldiers to support Russia in its fight against Kyiv.
Zelensky suggested that Russia was relying on North Korean troops to compensate for its substantial losses, as many young Russians seek to avoid conscription.
Earlier this month, Ukrainian media reported that six North Korean military officers were killed in a Ukrainian missile attack on Russian-occupied territory near Donetsk -- which South Korea's defence minister said at the time was "highly likely" true.
Experts said that moving from supplying shells to soldiers to Russia was the logical next step.
"For North Korea, which has supplied Russia with many shells and missiles, it's crucial to learn how to handle different weapons and gain real-world combat experience," said Lim Eul-chul, a professor at Seoul's Institute for Far Eastern Studies.
"This might even be a driving factor behind sending North Korean soldiers -- to provide them with diverse experiences and war-time training," he told AFP.
North Korea has previously sent fighter pilots and military advisors to Vietnam and the Middle East, but this marks the first instance of deploying a large-scale ground force to a foreign nation.
During the Vietnam War, North Korea contributed fighter pilots and psychological warfare units, and also sent pilots to assist Egypt during the Yom Kippur War.
Pyongyang has also previously dispatched small numbers of military advisors and instructors to countries including Libya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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