The United States, which estimates that Russia has placed more than 150,000 troops near Ukraine's borders, has observed significant movements since Wednesday, the official said, insisting on anonymity.

"Forty to fifty percent are in an attack position. They have uncoiled in tactical assembly in the last 48 hours," the official told reporters.

Tactical assembly points are areas next to the border where military units set up in advance of an attack.

The official said Moscow had massed 125 battalion tactical groups close to the Ukraine border, compared to 60 in normal times and up from 80 at the beginning of February.

The increase in clashes between pro-Russian separatists in the southeastern Donbass region of Ukraine and Ukraine government forces, and inflammatory claims by officials in Russia and Donbass, show that "the destabilization campaign has begun," the official said.

Washington has warned for weeks that Russia could provoke or fabricate an incident in the area to serve as a pretext for invading Ukraine.

Moscow denies it has plans to attack its western neighbor, but is demanding a guarantee that Ukraine will never join NATO and is demanding that NATO remove forces from Eastern Europe, demands the West has refused.

In 2014 Russia invaded and occupied the Crimea region of Ukraine, making use of sympathetic separatists.