"The US side should... stop arming Taiwan, and support China's peaceful reunification," Xi told Biden, according to a readout from China's foreign ministry.

"China will realise reunification, and this is unstoppable," the Chinese leader said of the future of the self-ruled island, which Beijing has pledged to re-take one day.

But the two leaders "agreed Wednesday to resume on the basis of equality and respect high-level military-to-military communication," Beijing state media said.

Military talks between the US and China have been on ice since August last year, when Beijing called them off in response to then-US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan.

Biden and Xi also agreed Wednesday in California that the two sides would "conduct telephone conversations between theater commanders" as well as hold defence policy coordination and maritime talks, according to Beijing's foreign ministry.

In addition, the summit saw the two men agree to set up joint government talks on the use of artificial intelligence, as well as a working group on counternarcotics cooperation, Xinhua news agency said.

They further committed to work towards stepping up scheduled passenger flights between their countries early next year.

And they agreed to deepen cooperation on climate change and step up joint efforts ahead of this month's COP28 summit in Dubai.

Xi told Biden that China did not seek to "surpass or unseat the United States" and stressed that "the United States should not scheme to suppress and contain China".

"China will not follow the old path of colonisation and plunder, nor will it follow the wrong path of hegemony when a country becomes strong," Xi said, according to Xinhua.

China's development, he said, "will not be stopped by external forces".

Xi also warned Washington that Beijing was dissatisfied with sanctions and other measures against its companies.

"US actions against China regarding export control, investment screening and unilateral sanctions seriously hurt China's legitimate interests," Xi said.

"Suppressing China's science and technology is curbing China's high-quality development and depriving the Chinese people of their right to development."