The widely anticipated deal will see Serbia receive nine single-seat and three two-seat jets by 2029 for an undisclosed sum, according to Dassault chief executive Eric Trappier.

The dozen multi-role fighter aircrafts will help Serbia modernise its air force and replace ageing Soviet-era combat jets.

"We are happy to become part of the Rafale club. We thank the president of France for making this decision and for enabling us to purchase the new Rafales," Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic told reporters during the signing ceremony.

"The total value of the contract is 2.7 billion, and 12 new aircraft will be owned by the Republic of Serbia," Vucic said, without specifying the currency.

Macron said the deal pointed to a "long-term alliance between our two countries within a stronger and more sovereign Europe".

The Rafale is a "multi-role" fighter that can be used to hunt enemy planes, strike ground and sea targets and carry out reconnaissance.

The deal was just one of several agreements inked during the Macron's visit.

Macron arrived in Belgrade late Thursday afternoon, where he was greeted with a hug by Vucic and a traditional honour guard.

France has been strengthening its economic ties with Belgrade with trade tripling in the past 12 years, according to Serbia's finance ministry.

French company Vinci has been overseeing a years-long renovation of Belgrade's Nikola Tesla airport, and French groups are set to build the capital's first metro station and a state-of-the-art wastewater treatment plant.

Belgrade-based analyst Vuk Vuksanovic said that Vucic likely saw the Rafale deal as crucial for ensuring France's support in the future.

The president "believes that by purchasing these Rafales, which are an extremely expensive product of the French military and industry, he will buy President Macron's favour and political protection," Vuksanovic, a senior researcher at the Belgrade Centre for Security Policy, told AFP.

- EU lithium deal -

In July, the European Union and Serbia signed a deal to develop the country's supply of lithium -- seen as a crucial building block to achieve Europe's transition to a green economy.

Belgrade reinstated the licences for a controversial lithium mine this summer after revoking permits granted to mining giant Rio Tinto following demonstrations over environmental concerns.

Vucic has acknowledged that Serbia had sold hundreds of millions of euros' worth of ammunition to Western countries that has likely been shipped to Ukraine as Kyiv fights off invading Russia troops.

The sales come even as Serbia remains an outlier in Europe after refusing to join sanctions against Russia in the wake of its invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

The Balkan country has been reliant for years on support from the Kremlin and Beijing to prevent the United Nations from recognising Kosovo as an independent state.

Serbia has been a candidate to join the European Union since 2012, but its prospects are seen as bleak without a normalisation of relations with Kosovo, where it fought a war against ethnic Albanian insurgents in the late 1990s.

In a letter published by the Serbian press on Thursday morning, Macron said Serbia "fully belongs" in the EU.

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