Reducing noise in spacecraft is crucial for effective communication, clear alarms, restful sleep, and reducing the risk of hearing loss. Most noise comes from ventilation systems and equipment cooling fans, making it essential to reduce it at the source.
Since the beginning of human space exploration, noise has been a persistent issue in spacecraft, particularly from the Environmental Control and Life Support System ventilation. NASA has been working to design more efficient and quieter fans by building on earlier technology developed at the agency's Glenn Research Center in Cleveland. This technology is being shared with companies developing the next generation of spacecraft and space stations.
"As NASA continues to support the design and development of multiple commercial space stations, we have intentional and focused efforts to share technical expertise, technologies, and data with industry," said Angela Hart, manager of NASA's Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development Program at Johnson Space Center. "The Quiet Space Fan research is one more example of how we are actively working with private companies to foster the development of future destinations."
The first prototype fan was created at NASA's Glenn Research Center in 2009, using tools originally developed for aircraft engines. It matched the size and specifications of Orion's cabin fan, with a flow rate of 150 cubic feet per minute and a pressure rise of 3.64 inches of water column. This new design was approximately 10 decibels quieter than commercial fans of a similar size.
NASA has since developed a larger version of the fan, capable of moving 250 cubic feet of air per minute and achieving a pressure rise of 7 inches of water column, nearly twice the performance of the initial prototype. This larger fan could provide airflow comparable to that needed for a house, compared to the smaller fan designed for a vehicle.
The goal of the quieter fan design is to maintain high performance standards while significantly reducing noise levels. This technology could be used on both the International Space Station and future commercial space stations.
"This work will lead to significant benefits, including volume and mass savings from reduced noise control equipment, lower system pressure loss from less restrictive mufflers, reduced power consumption, and an improved acoustic environment for astronauts," explained Chris Allen, Acoustics Office manager at NASA Johnson.
NASA's efforts to develop quieter fans are just one example of how the agency is improving human spaceflight and working with private companies to make space exploration more efficient and comfortable. These advancements could help private companies provide lower-cost services while allowing NASA to focus on Artemis missions and the continued use of low Earth orbit as a training ground for deep space exploration.
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