"I can confirm today that this government supports a third runway at Heathrow and is inviting proposals to be brought forward by the summer," Reeves said in a speech, adding a new airstrip "would unlock growth".
Despite opposition from environmentalists, the London mayor and some Labour MPs, Prime Minister Keir Starmer is determined to deliver major infrastructure projects to grow a UK economy that has struggled to take off since the party came to power in July.
Writing in The Times newspaper, Starmer said the government would "kick down the barriers to building, clear out the regulatory weeds and allow a new era of British growth to bloom".
Heathrow, Europe's busiest airport by passenger numbers, welcomed a record 83.9 million travellers last year with the global aviation sector having recovered from the turbulent Covid years.
"A third runway and the infrastructure that comes with it would unlock billions of pounds of private money to stimulate the UK supply chain during construction," Heathrow chief executive Thomas Woldbye said.
Following years of legal wrangling, Britain's Supreme Court ruled at the end of 2020 that Heathrow could build a third runway, overturning a legal decision to block construction on environmental grounds.
While the Conservative government at the time said building work could begin in 2022, the project has been delayed by further obstacles and upheaval created by the coronavirus pandemic.
Building a new runway was priced at GBP 14 billion a decade ago -- a sum estimated to have soared to tens of billions of pounds (dollars) with the inflation since.
"We will work with a private sector to deliver the infrastructure that our country desperately needs," Reeves added during her speech in Oxfordshire, north west of London.
Vowing to go "further and faster" to kickstart the economy, she also unveiled plans to deliver a Growth Corridor between the university cities of Oxford and Cambridge.
The scheme providing improved transport links and affordable housing has the potential to be Europe's Silicon Valley, the government said.
- Climate concerns -
Reeves said the government would "ensure that a third runway is delivered in line with our legal, environmental and climate objectives".
Energy Secretary Ed Miliband, who has previously opposed a third runway at Heathrow over environmental concerns, this week insisted that a new airstrip must not impact the UK government's goal of reaching net zero carbon emissions by 2050.
London's mayor Sadiq Khan said he remained "opposed to a new runway... because of the severe impact it will have on noise, air pollution and meeting our climate change targets".
The Labour mayor added he was not convinced "that you can have hundreds of thousands of additional flights at Heathrow every year without a hugely damaging impact on our environment".
Rosie Downes, head of campaigns at Friends of the Earth, said "allowing developers to bulldoze their way through crucial nature protections and safeguards will further diminish our seriously under-threat wildlife and natural environment".
The government is shortly expected to back expansion at two other airports serving the capital -- Gatwick and Luton -- having recently approved upgrades to London's Stansted and City airports.
Britain's economy has stagnated in the almost seven months since the party ended 14 years of rule by the Conservatives in a landslide election victory.
Opposition lawmakers and some analysts have blamed the lack of growth on a decision by Reeves in her inaugural budget to hike taxes.
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