Trump has options on Iran, but first must define goal

By Shaun TANDON
Washington, United States (AFP) Jan 12, 2026

US President Donald Trump has options to intervene in protest-hit Iran that range from low to high risk, but choosing his course depends on him deciding his ultimate goal.

It has been 10 days since Trump said the United States was "locked and loaded" and ready to "come to the rescue" if Iran's clerical state kills demonstrators who have taken to the streets in major numbers.

Since then, Trump has kept threatening a military option, even as hundreds of people have died, according to rights groups.

Iran has been a sworn foe of the United States since the 1979 Islamic revolution toppled the pro-Western shah. The downfall of the Islamic republic in power since then would transform the Middle East.

But Trump has previously lashed out against "regime change" as a goal, especially pointing to lessons from US involvement in Iraq, a smaller country.

Trump on Monday exercised economic leverage, announcing 25 percent tariffs on Iran's trading partners, and he has spoken of ways to forcibly restore internet access shut by Tehran.

The two governments have also revealed that they have been in communication, coordinated by Trump's friend and roving envoy Steve Witkoff.

- Momentum on streets -

In a message likely designed to galvanize Trump, Reza Pahlavi, the US-exiled son of the late shah, has publicly encouraged Trump not to be like Democratic predecessor Barack Obama, who hesitated at supporting 2009 protests for fear of co-opting a homegrown movement.

Some experts say that Obama's fears nearly a generation ago may no longer be as relevant, with demonstrations having spread well beyond educated, urban circles that always opposed the religious state.

Ray Takeyh, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations who wrote a book about the fall of the late shah, said that Trump could target forces including the elite Revolutionary Guards that have taken the lead in repressing the protests.

Intervention could ease Iranians' fears and "affect the fence-sitters in thinking about joining the protests or not," Takeyh said.

Sanam Vakil, director of the Middle East and North Africa program at the Chatham House think tank, agreed that intervention by Trump could bring momentum on the streets.

But she said: "It could equally play further into the hands of a regime that is paranoid and this would build further unity and propel them to crack down further."

- How much action needed? -

Trump in June ordered strikes on Iranian nuclear sites in support of an Israeli campaign.

While Trump had previously spoken of a diplomatic resolution, the attack was in line with his inclination, as seen again recently in Venezuela, for one-off military operations he quickly claims as successes.

Vali Nasr, a professor at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, noted 130 to 150 Iranian cities have seen protests.

"Trying to hit security forces in all of these, or even major cities of Iran, is more than just a few airstrikes," Nasr said.

As Trump likely "doesn't want to get his hands dirty, a performative strike may be more where he wants to go," Nasr said.

Behnam Ben Taleblu, a research fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, said the risk from intervention was less that Iranians rally around the flag than that they become afraid to go out.

"The challenge of the strikes is how to make sure they don't lead to the disbursement of protesters rather than the amplification of protests, if the strikes go off the rails -- if targeting is poor, if intelligence is poor," he said.

He said the impact would also be high if Trump finally decides not to strike.

Inaction would "play into the regime's narrative of painting America as not able to actually come through," Ben Taleblu said.

Pahlavi and a number of Republican hawks have voiced opposition to diplomacy, warning it would only give the Islamic republic a lifeline.

But Mohammad Ali Shabani, editor of the Amwaj.media site that closely follows Iran, believed many Iranians would welcome a deal that eases sanctions and "lifts the shadow of war."

"I think this would supersede any kind of short-term survival for the Islamic republic because the way things are structured, I think most Iranians at this point accept that the Islamic republic is not going to be there forever."

Iran's main trade partners at risk of Trump tariff threat
Hong Kong (AFP) Jan 13, 2026 - US President Donald Trump has said he is imposing a 25 percent tariff on any country doing business with Iran.

Here are the main players who could lose out if they continue trade with Iran:

- China -

More than a quarter of Iran's trade takes place with China, with $18 billion in imports and $14.5 billion in exports in 2024, according to World Trade Organization (WTO) data.

Hydrocarbons and chemical compounds like industrial alcohols and plastics accounted for the bulk of Tehran's exports to Beijing.

In exchange, Iran bought industrial machinery, electronic equipment, cars and metals from China.

- UAE -

The United Arab Emirates is a significant trading partner for Iran.

Iran's exports to the UAE were $6 billion in 2022, with imports amounting to $18 billion, according to the World Bank.

The United Arab Emirates sold gold, smartphones and corn to Iran, and mainly bought hydrocarbons from it, according to WTO data.

- Turkey -

Turkey is a major partner for Iran.

Ankara's imports were a little over $6 billion in 2022, while exports reached $5.8 billion, according to World Bank data.

- Russia -

Russian imports from Iran were $690 million in 2022, according to World Bank data, while exports were $1.5 billion.

Russia exchanged grain, gold and timber for Iranian agricultural products.

- Iraq -

Iran's exports to Iraq, a major trade partner, were $7.35 billion in 2022, with imports amounting to $456 million, according to the World Bank.

- Germany -

Germany's exports to Iran totalled 870.5 million euros ($1 billion) from January to November 2025, according to the country's official statistics office Destatis.

Imports were 217 million euros in that period.

- India -

Bilateral trade fell from $17 billion in 2018-19 to $1.7 billion in 2024-25, according to India's commerce department.

Key exports from India include basmati rice, sugar, fresh fruits and pharmaceuticals, while major imports include pistachios, apples, kiwi and dates.

- Thailand -

Thailand-Iran trade stood at $199.8 million in 2022, with Thai exports at $156 million and imports at $43.8 million, according to Thailand's foreign ministry.

Its main exports to Iran include rubber, motorcycle parts, canned fruit, rice, computers, and vegetables.

Key imports comprise metals, fresh and processed seafood, fuels, vegetables, and chemical products.

- Sri Lanka -

Sri Lanka exported $68 million to Iran in 2024, up from $43 million the previous year, according to the Central Bank of Sri Lanka.

Official imports have been zero since US sanctions on Iranian oil.

- Japan -

Japan's exports to Iran rose 38 percent in 2024 to $89 million, while imports dropped 6.4 percent to $29 million, according to the Japan External Trade Organization.

Exports included pharmaceuticals, automobiles and electrical machinery. Imports included fabric products, as well as foodstuffs, fruit and vegetables.

- Philippines -

The Philippines exported $66 million in goods to Iran in 2024, up from $38 million the year prior.

Imports were under $190,000, according to the country's statistics authority.